The Mediterranean Diet and Its Effects on Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction

Atrial fibrillation, often called AFib, is a common heart rhythm problem that affects many people around the world. It happens when the heart’s upper chambers beat out of sync with the lower chambers, causing an irregular heartbeat. This condition can make people feel tired, dizzy, and short of breath. AFib is serious because it can lead to other health issues like strokes, heart failure, and other heart problems.

Doctors use different treatments to help people with AFib, such as medicines and special procedures. However, making changes to your daily life, especially what you eat, can also help manage AFib. One way of eating that has caught the attention of doctors and researchers is the Mediterranean Diet.

The Mediterranean Diet is based on the traditional foods eaten by people living in countries around the Mediterranean Sea. It includes lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats like olive oil. This diet has become popular because it might help with many health problems, including AFib.

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at the Mediterranean Diet and how it might help people with AFib. We’ll explain what foods are part of this diet and why they might be good for your heart. We’ll also give you some easy tips on how to start eating more like people in the Mediterranean region.

It’s important to remember that while changing your diet can help, it’s not a replacement for medical care. Always talk to your doctor before making big changes to what you eat, especially if you have AFib or other health conditions.

Understanding Atrial Fibrillation

Definition and Explanation of AFib

Atrial fibrillation, often called AFib, is a heart problem where the upper parts of the heart don’t beat in a normal way. Instead of beating steadily, these parts, called the atria, quiver or flutter. This can make the heart beat too fast or in an uneven pattern. When someone has AFib, they might feel like their heart is racing or skipping beats. This feeling is called palpitations. People with AFib might also find it hard to catch their breath or feel very tired. While AFib itself isn’t usually life-threatening, it can lead to other serious health problems. For example, it can make someone more likely to have a stroke or heart failure.

Causes and Risk Factors

Many things can cause AFib or make it more likely to happen. As people get older, they’re more likely to get AFib. High blood pressure, which is when the force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries is too high, can also lead to AFib. Heart diseases, like problems with heart valves or having had a heart attack, can cause AFib too. Being very overweight or having diabetes also increases the risk.

Some everyday habits can make AFib more likely. Smoking cigarettes, drinking too much alcohol, or not exercising enough can all play a part. Even some health conditions that don’t seem related to the heart can increase the risk of AFib. For example, having an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) or not getting enough good sleep because of sleep apnea can make AFib more likely to happen.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

AFib can feel different for different people. Some people might not feel anything unusual at all. Others might notice their heart beating fast or in a strange way. They might feel short of breath, even when they’re not doing anything active. Some people with AFib feel very tired or weak. In some cases, AFib can cause chest pain.

To find out if someone has AFib, doctors usually start with a test called an electrocardiogram, or ECG for short. This test uses small sticky pads placed on the skin to measure the heart’s electrical activity. It can show if the heartbeat is irregular. Sometimes, doctors might use other tests too. They might do an echocardiogram, which uses sound waves to make a picture of the heart. Blood tests can help rule out other problems that might be causing the symptoms.

Complications and Treatment Options

If left untreated, AFib can lead to serious health problems. It can make blood clots form in the heart, which can travel to the brain and cause a stroke. AFib can also make the heart work too hard over time, leading to heart failure. This is when the heart can’t pump blood as well as it should.

There are several ways to treat AFib. Doctors often prescribe medicines to help control how fast the heart beats or to try to get it back into a normal rhythm. Many people with AFib also need to take blood thinners. These medicines make it less likely for dangerous blood clots to form. In some cases, doctors might recommend a procedure called catheter ablation. This uses heat or cold to create tiny scars in the heart to stop the irregular beats. Another treatment is cardioversion, which uses a small electric shock to try to reset the heart’s rhythm.

Impact on Quality of Life

Living with AFib can be challenging. The irregular heartbeat can make people feel worried or stressed. They might be afraid to do things they used to enjoy because they’re worried about their heart. The risk of complications like stroke can also be scary. However, many people with AFib can still live happy, active lives. By working with their doctors, taking their medicines as prescribed, and making healthy lifestyle changes, people with AFib can often manage their condition well. This might include eating a heart-healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and finding ways to reduce stress.

The Mediterranean Diet: An Overview

Origins and Principles of the Mediterranean Diet

The Mediterranean Diet has its roots in the traditional eating habits of people living in countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, such as Greece, Italy, and Spain. This diet has been followed for centuries and is known for its focus on whole, unprocessed foods. The main principles of the Mediterranean Diet include eating plenty of plant-based foods, using olive oil as the primary source of fat, and consuming fish and poultry more often than red meat. This eating pattern also encourages enjoying meals with family and friends, as well as being physically active.

The diet emphasizes the consumption of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds. These foods form the base of most meals. Fish and seafood are eaten at least twice a week, while poultry, eggs, and dairy products are consumed in moderate amounts. Red meat is limited to a few times per month. Herbs and spices are used to flavor foods instead of salt, and wine is enjoyed in moderation, usually with meals.

Key Components: Fruits, Vegetables, Whole Grains, Lean Protein, Healthy Fats

The Mediterranean Diet is rich in a variety of foods that provide essential nutrients for good health. Fruits and vegetables are eaten in abundance, providing vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fiber. Common fruits include oranges, grapes, and figs, while vegetables like tomatoes, eggplants, and leafy greens are staples. These foods help protect against chronic diseases and support overall well-being.

Whole grains such as whole wheat bread, brown rice, and whole grain pasta are preferred over refined grains. These foods offer more fiber, B vitamins, and minerals than their refined counterparts. They also help maintain steady blood sugar levels and promote feelings of fullness.

Lean proteins are an important part of the Mediterranean Diet. Fish, especially fatty fish like salmon and sardines, is eaten regularly for its omega-3 fatty acids. Poultry and eggs are also consumed, but in smaller amounts than fish. Legumes like beans, lentils, and chickpeas serve as excellent plant-based protein sources.

Healthy fats are a key feature of this diet. Olive oil is the primary source of fat, used for cooking and as a dressing. Nuts and seeds provide additional healthy fats, along with protein and fiber. These fats help reduce inflammation in the body and support heart health.

Benefits for Cardiovascular Health

The Mediterranean Diet has been extensively studied for its positive effects on heart health. Research shows that following this diet can lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of heart disease, and improve overall cardiovascular function. The diet’s emphasis on healthy fats, particularly from olive oil and fatty fish, helps increase good cholesterol (HDL) levels while lowering bad cholesterol (LDL).

The high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains provides plenty of fiber, which helps control blood sugar levels and reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes, a major risk factor for heart disease. The antioxidants found in these foods also help protect blood vessels from damage and reduce inflammation in the body.

Additionally, the moderate consumption of red wine, which is rich in antioxidants, may contribute to the diet’s heart-protective effects when consumed in moderation. However, it’s important to note that the benefits of the Mediterranean Diet for heart health come from the overall eating pattern, not just one specific food or drink.

Comparison to Other Diets (e.g., Low-Fat, Low-Carb)

When compared to other popular diets, the Mediterranean Diet stands out for its balance and sustainability. Unlike low-fat diets, which often restrict all types of fats, the Mediterranean Diet encourages the consumption of healthy fats from sources like olive oil, nuts, and fish. This approach recognizes the important role that healthy fats play in nutrition and overall health.

In contrast to low-carb diets, which may severely limit or eliminate entire food groups, the Mediterranean Diet includes all food groups but emphasizes whole, unprocessed options. This makes it easier to follow long-term and ensures a wider variety of nutrients.

The Mediterranean Diet is also more flexible than many other diets. It doesn’t require strict calorie counting or eliminating specific foods entirely. Instead, it focuses on making healthier choices most of the time while still allowing for occasional treats. This flexibility makes it easier for people to stick to the diet over time and incorporate it into their lifestyle.

Moreover, the Mediterranean Diet is supported by extensive scientific research, showing benefits not just for heart health, but also for brain function, cancer prevention, and overall longevity. Its emphasis on whole foods and plant-based eating aligns with current nutritional recommendations for optimal health.

The Mediterranean Diet and AFib: The Science

Studies on the Mediterranean Diet and AFib Prevention

Many researchers have looked into how the Mediterranean Diet affects Atrial Fibrillation (AFib). One big study, published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), found that people who follow this diet have a lower chance of getting AFib. The study showed that the diet helps in three main ways. First, it has lots of antioxidants, which are good for the heart. Second, it helps prevent metabolic syndrome, which is a group of health problems that can lead to heart disease. Third, it reduces the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can also affect heart health.

Other studies have also found good news about the Mediterranean Diet and AFib. For example, a study in the European Heart Journal found that people who stick closely to this diet have a 20% lower risk of developing AFib. Another study in the Journal of the American Heart Association showed that the diet can even help people who already have AFib by reducing their symptoms.

Mechanisms by Which the Mediterranean Diet Reduces AFib Risk

The Mediterranean Diet helps prevent AFib in several ways. Here’s how:

1. It lowers blood pressure: The diet includes foods that are low in salt and high in potassium, which helps keep blood pressure in check. High blood pressure is a major risk factor for AFib.

2. It improves lipid profiles: This means it helps balance the fats in your blood. The diet is low in saturated fats and high in healthy fats, which can reduce bad cholesterol and increase good cholesterol.

3. It reduces inflammation: Many foods in the diet, like olive oil and fish, have anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation in the body can increase the risk of AFib.

4. It reduces oxidative stress: The diet is rich in antioxidants from fruits and vegetables. These antioxidants help protect cells from damage, which can lower the risk of AFib.

5. It provides heart-healthy fats: The diet includes lots of omega-3 fatty acids from fish and healthy fats from olive oil. These fats help keep the heart beating regularly and reduce the risk of irregular heartbeats like AFib.

Impact on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cardiac Function

The Mediterranean Diet is great at fighting inflammation and oxidative stress, which are both big problems for people with AFib. Here’s why this matters:

Inflammation: When there’s too much inflammation in the body, it can damage the heart and make AFib more likely. The Mediterranean Diet includes many anti-inflammatory foods like olive oil, nuts, and fish. These foods help reduce inflammation throughout the body, including in the heart.

Oxidative Stress: This happens when there are too many harmful molecules called free radicals in the body. The Mediterranean Diet is full of antioxidants from fruits and vegetables. These antioxidants help get rid of free radicals and protect the heart from damage.

Cardiac Function: The diet helps the heart work better in several ways. It keeps blood pressure low, which makes the heart’s job easier. It also provides healthy fats that the heart needs to function well. Plus, by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, it helps keep the heart’s electrical system working properly, which is crucial for preventing AFib.

Discussion of Key Nutrients and Compounds (e.g., Omega-3, Antioxidants)

The Mediterranean Diet is packed with important nutrients that help prevent AFib. Let’s look at some of the most important ones:

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: These are found in fish like salmon and sardines, as well as in nuts and seeds. Omega-3s help reduce inflammation in the body and can make the heart’s electrical system work more smoothly. This can lower the risk of irregular heartbeats like AFib.

Antioxidants: These come from colorful fruits and vegetables, as well as olive oil. Antioxidants protect cells from damage and reduce inflammation. They can help prevent the changes in the heart that lead to AFib.

Fiber: Whole grains and legumes in the diet provide lots of fiber. Fiber helps control blood sugar and can reduce the risk of diabetes, which is a risk factor for AFib. It also helps lower cholesterol, which is good for overall heart health.

Potassium: Found in fruits, vegetables, and legumes, potassium helps control blood pressure and supports proper heart function. This can help prevent AFib.

Magnesium: Nuts, seeds, and leafy greens provide magnesium, which is important for heart rhythm. Getting enough magnesium can help prevent irregular heartbeats.

By including all these nutrients, the Mediterranean Diet provides a well-rounded approach to heart health and AFib prevention.

Key Foods and Nutrients in the Mediterranean Diet for AFib Prevention

Fatty Fish (Omega-3 Rich)

Fatty fish are an essential part of the Mediterranean Diet and play a crucial role in preventing atrial fibrillation (AFib). Fish like salmon, tuna, mackerel, and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids. These special fats help keep the heart healthy in many ways. They reduce inflammation in the body, which can damage the heart. Omega-3s also make the heart’s electrical system work better, which is important for preventing AFib. Eating fatty fish two to three times a week can make a big difference in heart health. For people who don’t like fish, fish oil supplements might be an option, but it’s always best to talk to a doctor first.

Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (Antioxidant Rich)

The Mediterranean Diet is famous for its focus on fresh fruits and vegetables. These colorful foods are packed with antioxidants, which are like tiny bodyguards for our cells. Antioxidants fight off harmful molecules called free radicals that can damage the heart and lead to AFib. Fruits and veggies are also full of fiber, which helps control blood sugar and keeps the heart healthy. Some great choices include berries, leafy greens, tomatoes, and citrus fruits. Eating a variety of fruits and vegetables every day, aiming for at least five servings, can help protect against AFib and other heart problems.

Nuts and Seeds (Healthy Fats and Fiber)

Nuts and seeds are small but mighty when it comes to heart health. They’re a big part of the Mediterranean Diet and can help prevent AFib. Almonds, walnuts, flaxseeds, and chia seeds are especially good choices. These foods are full of healthy fats, including omega-3s, which we know are great for the heart. They also contain fiber, which helps lower cholesterol and keeps blood sugar steady. Nuts and seeds are packed with vitamins and minerals that support heart health. Eating a small handful of nuts or a tablespoon of seeds each day can be a tasty way to protect your heart.

Whole Grains (Fiber and B Vitamins)

Whole grains are a staple in the Mediterranean Diet and can help prevent AFib. Unlike refined grains, whole grains keep all parts of the grain kernel. This means they’re packed with fiber, B vitamins, and other important nutrients. Fiber helps control blood sugar and cholesterol, which is good for the heart. B vitamins, like folate and niacin, help the body make energy and keep the heart working well. Good choices include whole wheat bread, brown rice, oats, and quinoa. Try to make at least half of your daily grain servings whole grains to get the most benefit for your heart.

Olive Oil (Healthy Fats and Antioxidants)

Olive oil is like liquid gold in the Mediterranean Diet. It’s used for cooking, dressing salads, and even as a spread on bread. Olive oil, especially extra virgin olive oil, is full of healthy fats called monounsaturated fats. These fats help lower bad cholesterol and raise good cholesterol, which is great for the heart. Olive oil also contains antioxidants called polyphenols. These compounds help reduce inflammation and protect the heart from damage. Using olive oil as your main cooking fat and aiming for about 2-3 tablespoons a day can help protect against AFib and improve overall heart health.

Herbs and Spices (Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties)

Herbs and spices do more than just make food taste good. In the Mediterranean Diet, they’re used generously and can help prevent AFib. Garlic, basil, oregano, rosemary, and thyme are all packed with antioxidants. These powerful plant compounds fight inflammation and protect the heart from damage. Some herbs and spices, like garlic, can even help lower blood pressure and improve blood flow. Using fresh or dried herbs and spices in your cooking is an easy way to boost the heart-protective power of your meals. Try adding them to soups, sauces, and marinades, or sprinkle them on vegetables before roasting.

Implementing the Mediterranean Diet for AFib Prevention

Practical Tips for Incorporating Mediterranean Diet Principles

Adopting the Mediterranean Diet can be a simple and enjoyable process with a few key strategies. Begin by gradually increasing your intake of fruits and vegetables, aiming for a variety of colors to ensure a wide range of nutrients. Replace refined grains with whole grain options like brown rice, whole wheat bread, and quinoa. Shift your protein sources from red meat to fish, poultry, and plant-based proteins such as legumes and beans. Make olive oil your go-to cooking oil and use it for salad dressings as well. Include a small handful of nuts or seeds in your daily diet as a snack or added to meals. Herbs and spices can be used generously to add flavor without extra salt. Limit your consumption of processed foods, sugary snacks, and sweetened beverages. Remember, the Mediterranean Diet is not just about food choices, but also about enjoying meals with family and friends and maintaining an active lifestyle.

Meal Planning and Grocery Shopping Strategies

Successful implementation of the Mediterranean Diet relies heavily on effective meal planning and smart grocery shopping. Start by creating a weekly meal plan that focuses on plant-based foods, lean proteins, and whole grains. This plan should include a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables for each meal. When grocery shopping, stick to the perimeter of the store where fresh produce, lean meats, and dairy products are usually located. Fill your cart with plenty of fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Choose whole grain breads, pastas, and cereals instead of refined options. Pick up olive oil, nuts, and seeds for healthy fats. In the protein section, opt for fish (especially fatty fish like salmon or sardines), lean poultry, and eggs. Limit purchases of red meat and avoid processed meats. Don’t forget to include legumes like lentils, chickpeas, and beans, which are excellent sources of plant-based protein. Minimize purchases of processed snacks, sugary drinks, and pre-packaged meals. By planning ahead and shopping smartly, you can ensure your kitchen is stocked with Mediterranean Diet-friendly foods.

Cooking Methods and Recipes

The Mediterranean Diet emphasizes cooking methods that preserve the natural flavors and nutrients of foods. Grilling is an excellent way to prepare fish, poultry, and vegetables while adding a delicious smoky flavor. Roasting vegetables brings out their natural sweetness and can be done in large batches for meal prep. Steaming is a gentle cooking method that retains nutrients, especially good for delicate fish and vegetables. Sautéing in olive oil is another common technique, perfect for creating flavorful vegetable dishes. Try simple recipes like a Greek salad with tomatoes, cucumbers, olives, and feta cheese dressed with olive oil and herbs. Prepare a hearty vegetable and bean soup with whole grain bread on the side. For a quick meal, toss whole wheat pasta with grilled vegetables, olive oil, and a sprinkle of Parmesan cheese. Baked fish with lemon and herbs served alongside roasted vegetables makes for a nutritious and delicious dinner. Remember, the key is to use fresh, whole ingredients and let their natural flavors shine through.

Addressing Common Challenges and Barriers

While the Mediterranean Diet offers numerous health benefits, some people may face challenges in adopting it. One common concern is the perceived higher cost of ingredients. To address this, focus on buying seasonal produce which is often cheaper and more flavorful. Consider frozen fruits and vegetables as a cost-effective alternative to fresh ones. Buying in bulk, especially for items like whole grains, nuts, and olive oil, can also help reduce costs. Another challenge is the time required for meal preparation. Combat this by setting aside time for meal prep once or twice a week. Prepare large batches of grains, chop vegetables in advance, and cook extra portions for leftovers. Utilize time-saving kitchen tools like slow cookers or pressure cookers for easy, hands-off meal preparation. If you’re new to cooking, start with simple recipes and gradually build your skills. Remember that many Mediterranean dishes are naturally quick and easy to prepare. Lastly, if you’re used to a diet high in processed foods, the transition to whole foods might be challenging. Start by making small, gradual changes rather than overhauling your entire diet at once. This approach can help make the transition more sustainable in the long run.

Case Studies and Real-Life Examples

Personal Stories of AFib Patients Who Adopted the Mediterranean Diet

Many patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) have shared their experiences of adopting the Mediterranean Diet and seeing positive changes in their heart health. One such story comes from John, a 55-year-old man who was diagnosed with AFib five years ago. After struggling with frequent episodes of irregular heartbeats, John decided to try the Mediterranean Diet on his doctor’s recommendation. Within six months, he noticed a significant decrease in his AFib symptoms and felt more energetic overall.

Another inspiring story is that of Maria, a 62-year-old woman who had been living with AFib for over a decade. She switched to the Mediterranean Diet after reading about its benefits online. Maria found that incorporating more olive oil, fish, and vegetables into her meals helped reduce the frequency of her AFib episodes. She also reported feeling less anxious about her condition as her symptoms improved.

These personal accounts are supported by scientific research. A study published in the Heart Rhythm Society found that patients who followed a Mediterranean Diet enriched with extra-virgin olive oil after a catheter ablation procedure had better clinical outcomes compared to those who freely selected their diet. This study involved 100 patients and showed that those on the Mediterranean Diet had fewer AFib recurrences over a three-year follow-up period.

Success Stories and Testimonials

Success stories from patients who have adopted the Mediterranean Diet are plentiful and encouraging. Many have reported reduced symptoms of AFib, improved heart health, and a better quality of life. For example, Tom, a 70-year-old retiree, shared that after following the Mediterranean Diet for a year, he was able to reduce his AFib medication dosage under his doctor’s supervision. He credits the diet with helping him feel more in control of his health.

Sarah, a 45-year-old teacher, found that the Mediterranean Diet not only helped manage her AFib but also improved her overall well-being. She reported having more energy, better sleep, and fewer instances of heart palpitations. Sarah particularly enjoyed learning new recipes that incorporated Mediterranean Diet principles, making the lifestyle change feel like a culinary adventure rather than a restrictive diet.

These testimonials highlight the practical benefits of the Mediterranean Diet in managing AFib. They show that the diet can be both effective and enjoyable, making it easier for patients to stick to this heart-healthy eating plan in the long term.

Lessons Learned and Takeaways

The key takeaway from these case studies is that the Mediterranean Diet can be a powerful tool in managing AFib. By incorporating whole foods, healthy fats, and antioxidants into your diet, you can reduce the risk of AFib and improve your overall heart health. Here are some important lessons learned:

1. Consistency is key: Patients who saw the most improvement in their AFib symptoms were those who stuck to the Mediterranean Diet consistently over time.

2. It’s not just about the food: Many patients reported that adopting the Mediterranean Diet led to other positive lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and better stress management.

3. Individual results may vary: While many people experience significant improvements, it’s important to remember that everyone’s body is different. Some patients may see rapid changes, while others might experience more gradual improvements.

4. The diet can complement medical treatments: Many patients found that the Mediterranean Diet worked well alongside their prescribed medications and other treatments for AFib.

5. It’s never too late to start: Patients of various ages reported benefits from adopting the Mediterranean Diet, showing that it’s never too late to make positive changes to your eating habits.

By learning from these real-life examples and scientific studies, people with AFib can feel more confident in trying the Mediterranean Diet as part of their heart health management plan.

Conclusion

The Mediterranean Diet has shown a remarkable ability to reduce both the risk and symptoms of atrial fibrillation (AFib). This dietary approach focuses on consuming whole foods, healthy fats, and antioxidant-rich ingredients, which work together to create powerful health benefits. By following this diet, people can effectively lower inflammation in their bodies, decrease oxidative stress, and enhance their overall cardiac function.

One of the key advantages of the Mediterranean Diet is its emphasis on anti-inflammatory foods. These include olive oil, fatty fish, nuts, and a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. By regularly consuming these foods, individuals can help reduce the inflammation that often contributes to AFib episodes.

The diet’s high content of antioxidants, found in foods like berries, leafy greens, and red wine (in moderation), helps combat oxidative stress. This is important because oxidative stress can damage heart cells and contribute to the development of AFib.

Moreover, the Mediterranean Diet promotes better cardiac function through its balance of nutrients. The healthy fats from sources like olive oil and fish help maintain proper heart rhythm, while the high fiber content from whole grains and vegetables supports overall heart health.

Incorporating the Mediterranean Diet into your daily life can be a straightforward process. Some practical tips include:

1. Gradually replacing processed foods with whole, unprocessed alternatives.
2. Increasing your intake of fruits and vegetables at each meal.
3. Choosing olive oil as your primary cooking fat.
4. Including fish in your meals at least twice a week.
5. Limiting red meat consumption to a few times a month.

By following these strategies, individuals can easily adapt their eating habits to align with the Mediterranean Diet principles.

For those living with AFib, adopting the Mediterranean Diet can lead to significant improvements in heart health. Many people report experiencing fewer AFib episodes, reduced symptoms, and an overall better quality of life after making this dietary change.

It’s important to note that while the Mediterranean Diet can be highly beneficial, it should be part of a comprehensive approach to managing AFib. This includes regular exercise, stress management, and following your healthcare provider’s recommendations.

In summary, the Mediterranean Diet offers a delicious and effective way to support heart health and manage AFib. By embracing this eating pattern, individuals can take a proactive step towards improving their cardiac function and overall well-being.

References

1. Flavio Giuseppe Biccirè, et al. “Mediterranean Diet: A Tool to Break the Relationship of Atrial Fibrillation with the Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” NCBI, 2022.
2. Dr. Tordini. “The Mediterranean Diet and Afib.” Florida Medical Clinic, 2024.
3. MedicalNewsToday. “AFib Diet: Foods to eat and to avoid.” MedicalNewsToday, 2024.
4. Heart Rhythm Society. “Mediterranean Diet Coupled with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Reduces Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence Post-Ablation.” Heart Rhythm Society, 2024.
5. Felix Alexander Neumann, et al. “Mediterranean Diet and Atrial Fibrillation: Lessons Learned from the AFHRI Case–Control Study.” NCBI, 2022.