Introduction
Chest pain in children can be a frightening experience for parents, often triggering immediate concerns about potential heart problems. However, it’s crucial for parents to understand that in the vast majority of cases, chest pain in children is not related to heart conditions. This article aims to provide a comprehensive and easy-to-understand overview of pediatric chest pain, exploring its common causes and helping parents recognize when they should seek medical attention for their child.
When a child complains of chest pain, it’s natural for parents to worry. The chest houses vital organs, including the heart and lungs, which can make any discomfort in this area seem particularly alarming. However, medical professionals want to reassure parents that most cases of chest pain in children are not serious and often have benign causes.
In fact, studies have shown that less than 1% of pediatric chest pain cases are related to heart problems. This statistic alone can help alleviate much of the anxiety parents may feel when their child experiences chest discomfort. Instead, chest pain in children is frequently caused by factors such as muscle strain, respiratory infections, or even anxiety.
Throughout this article, we will explore various aspects of pediatric chest pain, including:
- Common causes of chest pain in children
- Symptoms to watch out for
- When to seek immediate medical attention
- How doctors diagnose the cause of chest pain
- Treatment options for different types of chest pain
By providing this information, we hope to empower parents with knowledge, helping them make informed decisions about their child’s health and well-being. Understanding the nature of pediatric chest pain can not only reduce parental stress but also ensure that children receive appropriate care when necessary.
Remember, while most cases of chest pain in children are not serious, it’s always better to err on the side of caution. If you’re ever in doubt about your child’s symptoms or if the pain is severe or persistent, don’t hesitate to consult with your pediatrician or seek medical attention.
Understanding Pediatric Chest Pain
Definition and Prevalence of Pediatric Chest Pain
Pediatric chest pain is any discomfort or pain that children feel in their chest area. It’s a common issue that many kids face during their childhood. In fact, studies show that about 40% of children experience chest pain at some point while growing up. This means that if you have a group of 10 kids, 4 of them might have felt chest pain before. However, it’s important to know that unlike adults, chest pain in children is usually not related to heart problems.
Common Causes of Pediatric Chest Pain
There are many reasons why children might feel pain in their chest. These reasons can be grouped into different categories:
Musculoskeletal Causes
The most common reason for chest pain in kids is related to their muscles and bones. This includes:
- Costochondritis: This is when the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone gets inflamed. It can make the chest feel sore and tender.
- Muscle strain: Sometimes, kids might hurt their chest muscles while playing sports or coughing a lot. This can cause pain that feels like it’s coming from inside the chest.
These types of pain are usually not dangerous and can be helped with pain relief medicine like ibuprofen.
Respiratory Causes
Problems with breathing can also cause chest pain in children. Some examples are:
- Asthma: This condition makes it hard to breathe and can cause chest tightness and pain.
- Pneumonia: This is an infection in the lungs that can make the chest hurt, especially when breathing deeply.
- Bronchitis: When the airways in the lungs get inflamed, it can cause chest pain and coughing.
These breathing problems often come with other symptoms like trouble breathing, wheezing, and coughing. It’s important for a doctor to check these issues and give the right treatment.
Gastrointestinal Causes
Sometimes, problems with digestion can cause chest pain. For example:
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): This happens when stomach acid comes up into the food pipe, causing a burning feeling in the chest.
- Constipation: When kids have trouble pooping, it can cause pain in their belly that sometimes feels like it’s in their chest.
Changing what kids eat and giving them special medicine can help with these problems.
Cardiac Causes
Heart-related chest pain in children is rare, but it can be serious. Some examples are:
- Pericarditis: This is when the protective sac around the heart gets inflamed.
- Myocarditis: This is an inflammation of the heart muscle itself.
- Congenital heart defects: Some kids are born with heart problems that can cause chest pain.
These heart issues often come with other symptoms like trouble breathing, fever, and a fast heartbeat. If a child might have a heart problem, they need to see a doctor right away.
Other Causes
Sometimes, chest pain in kids can be caused by feelings and emotions. For example:
- Anxiety: When kids feel very worried or scared, it can make their chest feel tight or painful.
- Stress: Too much stress can cause physical symptoms like chest pain.
- Trauma: If a child has been hurt or had a scary experience, they might feel pain in their chest.
Talking to a counselor or therapist can help kids who have chest pain because of these reasons.
Differences Between Pediatric and Adult Chest Pain
It’s important to know that chest pain in kids is different from chest pain in adults. When grown-ups have chest pain, doctors often worry about heart problems. But for kids, chest pain is usually not because of their heart. This difference is really important for parents to understand. It helps them know how to take care of their child when they have chest pain. While adults with chest pain might need to go to the hospital right away, kids usually need a doctor to check them more carefully to find out why their chest hurts.
Importance of Proper Diagnosis and Treatment
Getting the right diagnosis and treatment is very important for kids with chest pain. Here’s what usually happens:
- The doctor will ask about the child’s health history and do a physical exam.
- Sometimes, the doctor might need to do special tests like:
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): This checks the heart’s electrical activity.
- Chest X-ray: This takes a picture of the inside of the chest.
- Blood tests: These can check for signs of infection or inflammation.
Finding out the real cause of the chest pain helps the doctor give the right treatment. This could be medicine, changes in what the child eats or how they live, or other types of therapy. The right treatment helps the child feel better and makes sure they stay healthy.
Common Causes of Pediatric Chest Pain
Musculoskeletal Causes
Musculoskeletal chest pain is the most common type of chest pain in children. This category includes several conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and connective tissues in the chest area. One such condition is costochondritis, which is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone. Children with costochondritis often experience tenderness and pain when pressure is applied to the affected area. Another common cause is muscle strain, which can occur from physical activity, heavy lifting, or even prolonged coughing. In some cases, children may experience chest pain due to a condition called precordial catch syndrome, which causes sharp, stabbing pain that usually lasts for a few seconds to a few minutes. While these conditions can be uncomfortable, they are generally not dangerous. Parents can often manage musculoskeletal chest pain at home with rest, gentle stretching, and over-the-counter pain relief medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen. However, if the pain persists or worsens, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider.
Respiratory Causes
Respiratory issues can also lead to chest pain in children. Asthma is a common respiratory condition that can cause chest tightness and pain, especially during an asthma attack. Children with asthma may also experience wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia, an infection of the lungs, can cause chest pain along with fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Bronchitis, which is an inflammation of the airways, may also result in chest discomfort and a persistent cough. In some cases, a simple viral respiratory infection can cause chest pain due to inflammation or muscle strain from coughing. It’s important for parents to monitor their child’s symptoms closely and seek medical attention if they notice difficulty breathing, persistent high fever, or worsening chest pain. Proper diagnosis and treatment by a healthcare provider are crucial to managing these conditions effectively and preventing complications.
Gastrointestinal Causes
Gastrointestinal issues can sometimes manifest as chest pain in children. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and chest discomfort. Children with GERD may complain of a burning sensation in their chest, especially after eating. Constipation, while primarily an intestinal issue, can sometimes cause abdominal pain that radiates to the chest area. This is because the buildup of stool in the intestines can put pressure on surrounding organs and tissues. In some cases, children may experience chest pain due to swallowing difficulties or esophageal spasms. To manage these gastrointestinal causes, dietary changes such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and increasing fiber intake can be helpful. In some cases, over-the-counter or prescription medications may be necessary to alleviate symptoms and treat the underlying condition.
Cardiac Causes
While cardiac causes of chest pain in children are rare, they can be serious and require immediate medical attention. Pericarditis, which is inflammation of the protective sac around the heart, can cause sharp chest pain that may worsen when lying down or taking deep breaths. Myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle, can also cause chest pain along with symptoms like fatigue, shortness of breath, and rapid heartbeat. Some children with congenital heart defects may experience chest pain, especially during physical activity. Other cardiac conditions that can cause chest pain include arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and coronary artery abnormalities. It’s important to note that cardiac chest pain in children is often accompanied by other symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, or excessive sweating. If a child experiences severe chest pain, especially if it’s accompanied by difficulty breathing or other concerning symptoms, parents should seek emergency medical care immediately.
Other Causes
Chest pain in children can also stem from psychological factors or external influences. Anxiety and stress can manifest as physical symptoms, including chest pain and tightness. Children experiencing anxiety may describe a feeling of pressure or discomfort in their chest, which can be accompanied by rapid breathing and a racing heart. Trauma to the chest area, such as from a fall or sports injury, can also cause pain. In some cases, chest pain may be a symptom of a panic attack, which can be frightening for both the child and parents. Environmental factors like exposure to irritants or allergens can sometimes cause chest discomfort in sensitive individuals. Additionally, certain medications or supplements may have side effects that include chest pain. It’s important for parents to consider all possible factors when their child complains of chest pain and to discuss any concerns with a healthcare provider. In cases where anxiety or stress is the underlying cause, addressing these issues through counseling, relaxation techniques, or therapy can be beneficial in reducing chest pain and improving overall well-being.
Identifying Red Flags for Serious Conditions
Severe Chest Pain
Severe chest pain that worsens over time or is accompanied by other symptoms is a major red flag for serious conditions in children. Parents should be on high alert if their child experiences intense chest discomfort that doesn’t go away or gets worse. This type of pain may be sharp, squeezing, or feel like a heavy weight on the chest. If the severe pain is joined by other worrying signs like trouble breathing, fever, or a very fast heartbeat, it’s time to act quickly. These combined symptoms could point to serious problems like inflammation of the heart (myocarditis) or lungs (pneumonia). In such cases, parents shouldn’t wait or try home remedies. Instead, they should seek immediate medical attention, either by calling 911 or rushing to the nearest emergency room.
Difficulty Breathing
Breathing problems in children with chest pain are serious and need quick action. If a child is struggling to catch their breath, making wheezing sounds, or coughing a lot while having chest pain, it’s a clear sign that something isn’t right. These symptoms might mean the child has asthma, which can cause the airways to tighten and make breathing hard. Or it could be pneumonia, where the lungs get infected and filled with fluid. Both of these conditions can be dangerous if not treated quickly. Parents should watch for signs like the child’s chest moving in and out rapidly, nostrils flaring, or the skin between the ribs pulling in with each breath. If any of these signs appear along with chest pain, it’s crucial to get medical help right away to prevent the problem from getting worse.
Pale or Blue-Tinged Skin
When a child’s skin turns pale or takes on a bluish color, especially around the lips, fingertips, or toes, it’s a big warning sign. This change in skin color, called cyanosis, means the body isn’t getting enough oxygen. It can happen because the heart isn’t pumping blood properly or the lungs aren’t taking in enough air. Either way, it’s very serious. If parents notice this along with chest pain, they need to treat it as an emergency. Pale or blue skin could mean the child has a heart problem, a severe lung issue, or even a blood clot. These conditions can be life-threatening if not treated quickly. Parents should call for emergency help immediately if they see these skin changes, as the child may need urgent medical care to help them breathe and get their blood flowing normally again.
Fever
Fever in a child with chest pain is often a sign that the body is fighting an infection. While not all fevers are dangerous, they can be a red flag when combined with chest discomfort. Parents should use a thermometer to check their child’s temperature if they complain of chest pain. A fever is usually considered to be a temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. If the fever is high (above 102°F or 39°C) or lasts for more than a couple of days, it’s time to see a doctor. The fever and chest pain could be caused by infections like pneumonia or even heart infections, which need proper medical treatment. It’s also important to watch for other symptoms that might come with the fever, like chills, body aches, or fatigue. Parents should keep track of how long the fever lasts and how high it gets to share this information with the doctor.
Recent Travel or Exposure to Illness
A child’s recent activities can provide important clues about the cause of their chest pain. If a child has traveled recently, especially to areas with different climates or altitudes, it could affect their health. For example, traveling to high-altitude places can sometimes cause chest pain as the body adjusts to less oxygen. Also, being in crowded places like airports or new schools can expose children to viruses or bacteria that might lead to chest infections. Parents should think back on any trips or new environments their child has been in over the past few weeks. It’s also important to consider if the child has been around anyone who’s been sick, like classmates with the flu or family members with a cough. This information can help doctors figure out if the chest pain might be due to an infection picked up during travel or from being around sick people.
Family History of Heart Conditions
The health history of a child’s family can play a big role in understanding their chest pain. Some heart problems can run in families, so it’s crucial for parents to know about any heart issues in their close relatives. This includes conditions like heart murmurs, irregular heartbeats, or heart attacks at a young age. If there’s a family history of heart problems, a child’s chest pain might be more likely to be heart-related, even if it’s rare in kids. Parents should try to gather information about heart health from both sides of the family – grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins included. This doesn’t mean a child with a family history of heart issues will definitely have a heart problem, but it does make it more important to get checked out by a doctor. When talking to a healthcare provider about a child’s chest pain, parents should mention any known heart conditions in the family to help the doctor decide what tests or checks might be needed.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Immediate Attention Required for Severe Symptoms
Parents should be aware of several critical symptoms that require immediate medical attention for their child experiencing chest pain. If a child has severe chest pain, it’s crucial to seek emergency care right away. Difficulty breathing, such as rapid or labored breathing, is another urgent symptom that shouldn’t be ignored. Pale or blue-tinged skin, especially around the lips or fingertips, can indicate a lack of oxygen and needs prompt evaluation. A fever accompanying chest pain could signify an infection that requires immediate treatment. Lastly, a rapid heart rate, which parents can check by feeling their child’s pulse, may indicate a serious underlying condition. These symptoms can be signs of severe conditions like pneumonia, asthma attacks, or heart problems that need urgent medical intervention.
Urgent Care for Persistent or Worsening Symptoms
Even if the chest pain isn’t severe, parents should seek urgent care if the pain persists or gets worse over time. Persistent pain, even if it’s mild, can be a sign of an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed. If the pain intensifies or becomes more frequent, it’s important not to wait. Urgent care facilities or pediatricians can perform necessary tests and examinations to determine the cause of the persistent or worsening pain. They may use tools like stethoscopes to listen to the heart and lungs, or order imaging tests like X-rays to get a clearer picture of what’s happening inside the chest.
Scheduling a Doctor’s Appointment for Mild Symptoms
For mild chest pain that comes and goes, parents don’t need to rush to the emergency room, but they should still take action. It’s advisable to schedule an appointment with the child’s pediatrician or family doctor. These healthcare providers can perform a thorough examination and take a detailed history to understand the nature of the pain. They might ask questions about when the pain occurs, what makes it better or worse, and if there are any other accompanying symptoms. Even if the pain seems minor, it’s important to have it checked out to rule out any underlying conditions and to provide peace of mind for both the child and parents.
Importance of Open Communication with Healthcare Providers
When dealing with pediatric chest pain, clear and honest communication with healthcare providers is essential. Parents should be prepared to share detailed information about their child’s symptoms, including when the pain started, how often it occurs, and what it feels like. It’s helpful to keep a symptom diary to track these details. Additionally, parents should inform the doctor about the child’s complete medical history, including any previous illnesses, surgeries, or ongoing health conditions. Recent travel or exposure to illnesses should also be mentioned, as this can provide important clues for diagnosis. By providing comprehensive information, parents help healthcare providers make more accurate diagnoses and develop effective treatment plans tailored to their child’s specific needs.
Diagnostic Process for Pediatric Chest Pain
Medical History and Physical Examination
The first step in diagnosing chest pain in children is a detailed medical history and physical examination. A doctor or healthcare provider will ask many questions about the child’s symptoms, such as when the pain started, how long it lasts, and what makes it better or worse. They will also ask about the child’s overall health, any past illnesses, and if anyone in the family has heart problems. The doctor will check the child’s heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. They will listen to the child’s heart and lungs with a stethoscope to check for any unusual sounds. The doctor may also gently press on different parts of the child’s chest to see if it causes pain.
Diagnostic Tests
If the doctor needs more information, they might order some tests. These tests help rule out serious problems and find the cause of the chest pain. Some common tests include:
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Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test checks the heart’s electrical activity. It uses small stickers placed on the child’s chest to record the heartbeat. It doesn’t hurt and only takes a few minutes.
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Chest X-ray: This test takes a picture of the child’s chest to look at the heart, lungs, and bones. It can show if there’s anything unusual in these areas.
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Blood tests: The doctor might take a small sample of blood to check for signs of infection or inflammation. These tests can also look for problems with the heart muscle.
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Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart. It helps the doctor see how the heart is working and if there are any structural problems.
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Exercise stress test: For older children, the doctor might have them walk or run on a treadmill while monitoring their heart. This test shows how the heart works during physical activity.
Importance of Accurate Diagnosis
Getting the right diagnosis is very important for treating chest pain in children. When doctors know exactly what’s causing the pain, they can give the best treatment. This might include:
- Medicine to help with pain or treat an infection
- Changes in diet or exercise habits
- Treatments to help with stress or anxiety
- In rare cases, surgery to fix heart problems
If the diagnosis is wrong, the treatment might not work or could even make things worse. For example, giving a child heart medicine when they don’t need it could cause side effects. Or, treating for anxiety when there’s really a physical problem could mean missing a serious health issue. That’s why doctors are very careful to do a complete check-up and run tests if needed before deciding on a treatment plan.
Treatment and Management Options
Medications for Specific Conditions
When treating pediatric chest pain, doctors often prescribe medications tailored to the underlying cause. For children experiencing musculoskeletal chest pain, over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce discomfort and inflammation. In cases where gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the culprit, antacids or proton pump inhibitors may be recommended to decrease stomach acid production and alleviate symptoms. If a bacterial infection is causing the chest pain, such as pneumonia, the doctor might prescribe antibiotics to fight the infection. For children with asthma-related chest pain, inhaled medications like bronchodilators or corticosteroids can help open up the airways and reduce inflammation. It’s important to note that medication should always be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as dosages and types of medication may vary depending on the child’s age, weight, and specific condition.
Lifestyle Changes
Making changes to a child’s daily habits can significantly impact the management of chest pain. For children suffering from GERD, dietary modifications can make a big difference. This might include avoiding spicy, fatty, or acidic foods, eating smaller meals more frequently, and not lying down immediately after eating. In cases of stress-induced chest pain, teaching children relaxation techniques such as deep breathing exercises or mindfulness can be helpful. Regular physical activity is also important, as it can strengthen the chest muscles and improve overall cardiovascular health. However, it’s crucial to balance exercise with proper rest, especially for children experiencing musculoskeletal chest pain. Creating a consistent sleep schedule and ensuring the child gets enough rest can also aid in managing various types of chest pain.
Alternative Therapies
Some families find that alternative therapies can complement traditional treatments for pediatric chest pain. Acupuncture, when performed by a licensed practitioner, may help alleviate certain types of chest pain by promoting relaxation and potentially reducing inflammation. Gentle massage techniques can be beneficial for children with musculoskeletal chest pain, helping to relax tense muscles and improve circulation. Other alternative approaches might include aromatherapy or guided imagery, which can help reduce anxiety and stress that may be contributing to chest pain. It’s important to discuss any alternative therapies with a healthcare provider before starting them, to ensure they are safe and appropriate for the child’s specific condition.
Importance of Follow-Up Care
Regular follow-up appointments play a crucial role in managing pediatric chest pain effectively. These check-ups allow doctors to monitor the child’s progress, assess the effectiveness of the current treatment plan, and make any necessary adjustments. During these visits, healthcare providers can perform additional tests if needed, address any new or worsening symptoms, and provide guidance on long-term management strategies. Follow-up care also gives parents and children the opportunity to ask questions and voice any concerns they may have about the ongoing treatment. Consistent monitoring helps ensure that the child’s condition is improving and that any potential complications are caught and addressed early. It’s important for families to keep all scheduled follow-up appointments and to maintain open communication with their healthcare team throughout the treatment process.
Prevention Strategies for Pediatric Chest Pain
Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle
A healthy lifestyle is key to preventing pediatric chest pain. Regular exercise helps strengthen the heart and lungs, reducing the risk of cardiovascular-related chest pain. Encourage your child to be active for at least 60 minutes a day, whether through organized sports, playground activities, or family walks. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins supports overall health and can prevent issues like acid reflux that may cause chest discomfort. Limit sugary and fatty foods, as these can contribute to obesity, which is a risk factor for chest pain. Ensure your child gets enough sleep, as proper rest helps the body recover and manage stress better.
Managing Stress and Anxiety
Stress and anxiety can often manifest as chest pain in children. Teaching your child stress management techniques can be very helpful. Deep breathing exercises are simple yet effective; show your child how to take slow, deep breaths when feeling anxious. Meditation or mindfulness practices can also be beneficial, even for young children. Consider using kid-friendly apps or videos that guide them through these techniques. If your child’s anxiety seems persistent or severe, don’t hesitate to seek help from a counselor or therapist who specializes in working with children. They can provide additional coping strategies and support.
Avoiding Triggers for Specific Conditions
Identifying and avoiding triggers can significantly reduce episodes of chest pain in children with specific conditions. For children with asthma, common triggers include dust, pollen, pet dander, and cold air. Work with your child to recognize these triggers and take steps to avoid them, such as using air filters at home or wearing a scarf over the mouth in cold weather. For children with GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), avoid trigger foods like spicy, acidic, or fatty foods. Also, encourage your child to eat smaller meals and not lie down immediately after eating. If your child has a known heart condition, follow your doctor’s advice on activity levels and medications to prevent chest pain episodes.
Importance of Regular Check-Ups
Regular check-ups with a pediatrician are crucial for preventing and managing pediatric chest pain. These visits allow the doctor to monitor your child’s growth and development, check their heart and lung function, and address any concerns you or your child may have. During these check-ups, be sure to mention any instances of chest pain, even if they seem minor. The doctor can perform necessary tests, such as an EKG or chest X-ray, to rule out serious conditions. They can also provide guidance on lifestyle changes or refer you to a specialist if needed. Don’t skip these appointments, as they’re essential for catching potential issues early and ensuring your child’s overall health.
Conclusion
Pediatric chest pain is a frequent concern for many parents, as it affects a significant number of children and teenagers. However, it’s important to remember that in most cases, this symptom is not related to heart problems. Understanding the common causes of chest pain in children can help alleviate parental anxiety and guide appropriate action.
The most frequent causes of pediatric chest pain include:
- Musculoskeletal issues, such as muscle strain or costochondritis
- Respiratory problems, like asthma or pneumonia
- Gastrointestinal disorders, including acid reflux or indigestion
- Anxiety or stress-related symptoms
While these causes are generally not life-threatening, it’s crucial for parents to be aware of potential red flags that may indicate a more serious condition. These warning signs include:
- Severe or persistent chest pain
- Chest pain accompanied by difficulty breathing
- Pain that worsens with exercise or physical activity
- Chest pain associated with fainting or dizziness
If any of these red flags are present, it’s essential to seek immediate medical attention to rule out more serious conditions.
Parents play a vital role in managing their child’s chest pain by maintaining open communication with healthcare providers. This includes sharing detailed information about the child’s symptoms, medical history, and any recent changes in lifestyle or environment. Following the recommended treatment plans and adopting prevention strategies can significantly improve a child’s health and well-being.
Some preventive measures that parents can implement include:
- Encouraging regular physical activity to strengthen the chest muscles
- Promoting healthy eating habits to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal issues
- Teaching stress management techniques to help children cope with anxiety
- Ensuring proper posture to prevent musculoskeletal strain
By staying informed about pediatric chest pain and working closely with healthcare professionals, parents can effectively manage this common symptom and ensure their child receives appropriate care when needed.
References
- Cincinnati Children’s. (n.d.). Chest Pain in Children | Causes & FAQs for Parents. Retrieved from https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/chest-pain
- PCC of Oregon. (n.d.). What causes pediatric chest pain? Retrieved from https://www.pccoforegon.com/what-causes-pediatric-chest-pain/
- Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Chest Pain in Children: Is It a Heart Condition? Retrieved from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/chest-pain-in-children-is-it-a-heart-condition
- Renaissance School of Medicine. (2020). Pediatric Chest Pain. Retrieved from https://renaissance.stonybrookmedicine.edu/system/files/pedsinreview%20chest%20pain_20190058.pdf
- HealthyChildren.org. (2020). Chest Pain in Children: Common Causes & When to Be Concerned. Retrieved from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/heart/Pages/Chest-Pain-in-Children.aspx